Count

Sperm concentration

The number of sperm present in each millilitre of semen. Low count doesn't mean conception is impossible - it means the odds per cycle are lower, which is where a protocol or clinical support can help.

Motility

Movement quality

How well sperm move. Sperm need to swim effectively to reach and fertilise an egg, so motility is scored separately from count - you can have a high count with low motility, or vice versa.

Morphology

Shape & structure

The size and shape of individual sperm, assessed under a microscope. Sperm with an unusual shape may have a harder time reaching or fertilising an egg.

DNA fragmentation

Also shown on your dashboard as "DNA Integrity"

A measure of breaks or damage in the genetic material carried by sperm. A standard semen analysis can look normal while DNA fragmentation is still elevated, which is why it's tested separately - it's a common contributor to otherwise unexplained infertility.

WHO reference values

Comparison ranges

Standard ranges published by the World Health Organization, used across fertility labs worldwide to judge whether a semen result falls within a typical fertile range. Your report benchmarks against these values.

Hormones (overview)

Endocrine profile

Sperm production is controlled by a chain of hormones produced in the brain and testes. Testing this chain helps identify whether a low score is being driven by hormone imbalance rather than the reproductive tissue itself - which often changes the treatment approach.

Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone. It supports sperm production, libido, and general reproductive health. Both low and unusually high levels can affect fertility.

FSH

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Produced by the pituitary gland, FSH signals the testes to produce sperm. Elevated FSH can indicate the testes aren't responding as expected.

LH

Luteinizing Hormone

Works alongside FSH to trigger testosterone production in the testes.

Prolactin

A hormone that, at elevated levels, can suppress testosterone and interfere with sperm production. Elevated prolactin is one of the more treatable causes of a low score.

Oestradiol

A form of oestrogen present in men in small, normal amounts. An imbalance between oestradiol and testosterone can affect sperm quality.